Pope Mongol

Secret letters between the Popes and Mongols

One of the weirdest diplomatic exchanges in history was between the medieval Popes and the invading Mongols from the east. Rome hoped it could convince these fearsome tribes not to attack Christians – and maybe even convert to Roman Catholicism. The Mongols responded with demands that the pope submit to their power. Incredibly, some of the letters from the Mongol khans have been kept in the Vatican Secret Archives for eight hundred years.

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Templar fall Jerusalem

The Fall of Jerusalem in 1187

During the Crusades, the holy city of Jerusalem was held for just under a century by Christian forces. It was taken at the start of the First Crusade in 1099 and then lost to the Muslim Saracens in 1187. One contemporary English chronicler, Roger of Hoveden (or Howden) described what happened. How was it that the crusaders lost control of Jerusalem?

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